{
  "@context": "https://frontierpicks.com/schemas/dossier.v1.json",
  "ticker": "DUOL",
  "name": "Duolingo, Inc.",
  "url": "https://frontierpicks.com/dossiers/DUOL/",
  "json_url": "https://frontierpicks.com/dossiers/DUOL.json",
  "status": "WATCHLIST",
  "current_conviction": "MEDIUM",
  "archetype": {
    "code": "a3",
    "n": 3
  },
  "current_thesis": "Duolingo's shares have a modest edge over the S&P 500 because daily user growth reaccelerated to 29% while 2026 guidance rose; the February 2027 report decides whether those users lift bookings growth above this year's 12%.",
  "invalidation_trigger": "A daily close below $128, the 2026-11-03 close before the third-quarter report, which would erase the whole post-report gain. Fourth-quarter DAU growth under 25% or bookings under the $382 million guide would also show the case failing.",
  "catalyst_date": "2026-12-07",
  "portfolio": null,
  "pick": null,
  "themes": [],
  "tags": [],
  "sources": [],
  "caveats": [],
  "source_links": [
    {
      "title": "Duolingo, Inc. - Form 8-K - FY2026",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001562088/000162828026069474/q3fy26duolingo9-30x26share.htm",
      "date": null
    },
    {
      "title": "Duolingo, Inc. - Form 10-Q - FY2026",
      "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001562088/000162828026069692/duol-20260930.htm",
      "date": null
    },
    {
      "title": "Earnings call transcript: Duolingo Q3 2026 revenue beats as users accelerate",
      "url": "https://ca.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/earnings-call-transcript-duolingo-q3-2026-revenue-beats-as-users-accelerate-93CH-4927341",
      "date": null
    },
    {
      "title": "DUOLINGO Aktie: Jefferies hebt Kursziel auf 175 US-Dollar an und bleibt bei Hold",
      "url": "https://goldesel.de/aktien/news/duolingo-aktie-jefferies-hebt-kursziel-auf-175-us-dollar-an-und-bleibt-bei-hold",
      "date": null
    },
    {
      "title": "Duolingo (DUOL) Stock Price, Chart & News",
      "url": "https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/duol/",
      "date": null
    },
    {
      "title": "Duolingo Inc (DUOL) Stock Up 4.8% and Still Undervalued -- GF Score: 77/100",
      "url": "https://www.gurufocus.com/news/9193697/duolingo-inc-duol-stock-up-48-and-still-undervalued-gf-score-77100",
      "date": null
    },
    {
      "title": "Why Duolingo Stock Skyrocketed After Q3 2026 Earnings Explained",
      "url": "https://www.indmoney.com/blog/us-stocks/duolingo-stock-rally-q3-earnings-duol-stock",
      "date": null
    }
  ],
  "evidence": [
    {
      "claim": "Daily active users rose 29% year over year to 64.9 million in the third quarter of 2026; monthly active users rose 13% to 153.1 million.",
      "source": "Q3 2026 shareholder letter, Form 8-K",
      "as_of": "2026-09-30"
    },
    {
      "claim": "Third-quarter bookings were $316.1 million, up 12%, and revenue was $309.0 million, up 14%; paid subscribers reached 13.1 million, up 14%.",
      "source": "Q3 2026 shareholder letter, Form 8-K",
      "as_of": "2026-09-30"
    },
    {
      "claim": "Adjusted EBITDA was $78.7 million, down 2%, at a 25.5% margin against 29.5% a year earlier; free cash flow was $75.3 million.",
      "source": "Q3 2026 shareholder letter, Form 8-K",
      "as_of": "2026-09-30"
    },
    {
      "claim": "Fourth-quarter guidance is bookings of $382 million (up 13%), revenue of $322 million (up 14%) and adjusted EBITDA of $84 million.",
      "source": "Q3 2026 shareholder letter, Form 8-K",
      "as_of": "2026-11-03"
    },
    {
      "claim": "Duolingo repurchased 781,439 shares for $82.0 million through 2026-10-30 under its $400 million program.",
      "source": "Q3 2026 shareholder letter, Form 8-K",
      "as_of": "2026-10-30"
    },
    {
      "claim": "Jefferies raised its Duolingo price target to $175 from $145 and kept a Hold rating.",
      "source": "Benzinga and Goldesel reports of Jefferies note",
      "as_of": "2026-11-09"
    },
    {
      "claim": "General Counsel Stephen Chen sold 3,700 shares at $175.00 on 2026-11-04 under a Rule 10b5-1 plan.",
      "source": "SEC Form 4 filed 2026-11-05",
      "as_of": "2026-11-04"
    },
    {
      "claim": "Lead-plaintiff motions in the securities class action filed 2026-10-07 are due 2026-12-07.",
      "source": "Q3 2026 Form 10-Q",
      "as_of": "2026-11-03"
    }
  ],
  "view_changes": [],
  "frame": null,
  "filed_numbers": {
    "as_of": "2026-11-13",
    "sector": "Technology",
    "financials": {
      "status": "ok",
      "reason": null,
      "close_date": "2026-11-13",
      "latest_quarter": "2026-09-30",
      "figures": {
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          "status": "ok",
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              "value_musd": 309,
              "yoy_pct": 13.7
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              "yoy_pct": 18.3
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              "yoy_pct": 26.5
            },
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              "value_musd": 282.9,
              "yoy_pct": 35
            },
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              "yoy_pct": 41.1
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              "restated": null,
              "value_musd": 252.3,
              "yoy_pct": 41.5
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        },
        "gross_margin": {
          "status": "ok",
          "quarters": [
            {
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              "restated": null,
              "pct": 72.9
            },
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              "pct": 72.6
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              "pct": 73
            },
            {
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              "filed": "2025-08-07",
              "restated": null,
              "pct": 72.4
            }
          ]
        },
        "operating_margin": {
          "status": "ok",
          "quarters": [
            {
              "end": "2026-09-30",
              "filed": "2026-11-04",
              "restated": null,
              "pct": 7.8
            },
            {
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              "restated": null,
              "pct": 11.4
            },
            {
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              "restated": null,
              "pct": 15.3
            },
            {
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              "restated": null,
              "pct": 15.4
            },
            {
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              "restated": null,
              "pct": 12.9
            },
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              "end": "2025-06-30",
              "filed": "2025-08-07",
              "restated": null,
              "pct": 13.2
            }
          ]
        },
        "pretax_income": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
          "filed": "2026-11-04",
          "value_musd": 35.6
        },
        "net_income": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
          "filed": "2026-11-04",
          "four_quarters_end": "2026-09-30",
          "value_musd": 27.2,
          "four_quarters_musd": 145.7
        },
        "operating_cash_flow": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
          "filed": "2026-11-04",
          "first_end": "2025-12-31",
          "value_musd": 435.8
        },
        "capital_spending": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
          "filed": "2026-11-04",
          "first_end": "2025-12-31",
          "value_musd": 28.7
        },
        "free_cash_flow": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
          "filed": "2026-11-04",
          "first_end": "2025-12-31",
          "value_musd": 407
        },
        "diluted_share_change": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
          "filed": "2026-11-04",
          "base_end": "2025-09-30",
          "pct": 1.6
        },
        "cash": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
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          "value_musd": 1239.6
        },
        "debt": {
          "status": "none reported"
        },
        "net_cash": {
          "status": "ok",
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          "filed": "2026-11-04",
          "value_musd": 1239.6,
          "note": "no debt reported"
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        "deferred_revenue": {
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          "value_musd": 513.6,
          "yoy_pct": 16.3
        },
        "backlog": {
          "status": "not reported"
        },
        "receivables": {
          "status": "ok",
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          "value_musd": 142.1
        },
        "inventory": {
          "status": "not reported"
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        "equity": {
          "status": "ok",
          "end": "2026-09-30",
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          "value_musd": 1481.6
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        "market_value": {
          "status": "ok",
          "close_date": "2026-11-13",
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          "value_musd": 8253.9
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        "enterprise_value": {
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          "value_musd": 7014.3,
          "note": "no debt reported"
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        "ev_sales": {
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          "close_date": "2026-11-13",
          "basis_end": "2026-09-30",
          "basis_filed": "2026-11-04",
          "multiple": 5.9,
          "note": "no debt reported"
        },
        "ev_ebit": {
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          "close_date": "2026-11-13",
          "basis_end": "2026-09-30",
          "basis_filed": "2026-11-04",
          "multiple": 48,
          "note": "no debt reported"
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        "pe": {
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          "close_date": "2026-11-13",
          "basis_end": "2026-09-30",
          "basis_filed": "2026-11-04",
          "multiple": 56.6
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        "pb": {
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          "multiple": 5.6
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          "pct": 4.9
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    "short_interest": {
      "status": "ok",
      "settlement": "2026-10-15",
      "published": "2026-10-26",
      "short_pct_of_outstanding": 14.23,
      "days_to_cover": 8.5,
      "change_pct": -0.7
    },
    "insiders": {
      "status": "ok",
      "as_of": "2026-11-15",
      "windows": [
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  "body_markdown": "## Current Thesis\n\nDuolingo's shares are modestly more likely than not to beat the S&P 500 over the next three months, because daily user growth has reaccelerated and the company raised its 2026 outlook. The fourth-quarter report and 2027 outlook in February 2027 settle whether those users turn into faster bookings growth. That report may fall near or just after the end of the three-month window, so the shares depend until then on the third-quarter numbers holding up.\n\nThe third-quarter shareholder letter of 2026-11-03 shows daily active users (DAUs) up 29% to 64.9 million. Bookings, the sales billed in the period, grew 12% to $316.1 million. That gap is the whole debate. The shares rose about 26% on 2026-11-04 on the user side of it and closed at $164.12 on 2026-11-11, the highest close since that report.\n\nThe price already reflects much of the good news. At the 2026-11-11 close, the shares sat above the $152.54 consensus target listed by Stockanalysis and above seven of the ten targets brokers set after the report. The rating is Medium because the user trend is strong and dated, and the shares have held their post-report gain for six sessions. Analysts' targets show that the bookings question is still open.\n\n## Bull Case\n\n- **User growth is broad and product-led.** DAU growth rose from 21% in the first quarter to 23% in the second and 29% in the third, per Earnings Whispers. CFO Gillian Munson said on the 2026-11-03 call that growth accelerated in eight of the 10 largest countries.\n- **Guidance moved up during 2026.** The company now guides 2026 bookings to $1,296 million, up 12%, against about 11% at the second-quarter report, per Earnings Whispers. It guides 2026 revenue to $1,221 million, up 18%, the top of its 15% to 18% target.\n- **Targets keep rising after the jump.** Jefferies raised its target to $175 from $145 on 2026-11-09 and kept a Hold rating, per Benzinga and Goldesel. That followed UBS at $180 with a Buy rating on 2026-11-04 and Truist at $170 on 2026-11-05.\n- **Monetization has untested levers.** CEO Luis von Ahn called Chess, at 10 million DAUs, \"completely under-monetized\" on the 2026-11-03 call. Duolingo is phasing out its top Max tier and moving Video Call to all Super subscribers by year-end, roughly 10 times as many users; fiscal.ai reported the Max phase-out again on 2026-11-11.\n- **AI costs are falling.** Von Ahn said on the 2026-11-03 call that free-user AI inference spend will be \"single-digit millions\" next year. The letter credits lower feature-based AI costs for the 72.9% gross margin in the third quarter.\n- **Cash funds buybacks.** Cash and short-term investments reached $1.4 billion at 2026-09-30. Duolingo repurchased 781,439 shares for $82.0 million through 2026-10-30 under its $400 million program, per the letter.\n\n## Bear Case\n\n- **Payers are lagging users.** Paid subscribers grew 14% to 13.1 million in the third quarter, less than half the DAU growth rate. Munson said on the call that subscriber growth \"probably\" bottoms in a couple of quarters.\n- **User growth is costing margin.** Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) fell 2% to $78.7 million in the third quarter, and the margin dropped to 25.5% from 29.5%. The letter guides fourth-quarter gross margin to 72.0% as AI features roll out more widely.\n- **Secondary revenue lines are weak.** Advertising revenue fell 1% to $20.8 million and in-app purchases fell 38% to $6.9 million in the third quarter. Von Ahn said early tests of the cheaper Lite tier \"have just not been home runs.\"\n- **Most analysts sit below the price.** Seven post-report targets are under the $164.12 close of 2026-11-11: Wells Fargo $120, Barclays $133, Scotiabank $140, Morgan Stanley $145, Citi $152, JPMorgan $155 and Wedbush $155. Of the three above it, only UBS carries a positive rating.\n- **Insiders keep selling into strength.** SEC Form 4 filings show General Counsel Stephen Chen sold 3,700 shares at $175.00 on 2026-11-04 and director William Gordon sold 10,000 shares at an average $136.38 on 2026-11-02. Von Ahn sold 110,046 shares at an average $151.70 on 2026-10-07 after an option conversion; all three sales ran under Rule 10b5-1 plans.\n- **A securities suit is open.** The third-quarter 10-Q describes a putative class action filed 2026-10-07 in the Western District of Pennsylvania, covering purchases from 2025-05-02 to 2026-02-26. Lead-plaintiff motions are due 2026-12-07.\n\n## Setup & Price Structure\n\nThe shares closed at $164.12 on 2026-11-11, up from $156.67 on 2026-11-10, per daily closes. The 3-month change is 13.9% against the $144.10 close of 2026-08-13. The last close is 23.1% below the 52-week intraday high of $213.37 set on 2025-12-09, and well above the 52-week closing low of $90.03 on 2026-04-10.\n\nThe post-report range is narrow. The shares closed at $161.27 on 2026-11-04, the first session after the report, dipped to a $154.25 close on 2026-11-09 and recovered. Chen's Form 4 sale at $175.00 on 2026-11-04 marks how high the shares traded that day. Holding above the $154.25 close keeps the whole post-report gain intact.\n\nThe trend measures sit below the price. The 50-day moving average of adjusted closes is $146.05 and the 200-day is $123.94, both as of 2026-11-11, with the shares above each. No earnings report is due before February 2027.\n\n## Catalyst Calendar\n\n- **2026-12-07:** Lead-plaintiff motions due in the securities class action. This procedural step sets who leads the case against Duolingo; the business thesis does not turn on it.\n- **~2026-12-31 (company target):** Year-end target for Video Call to reach all Super subscribers as Max is phased out. The rollout widens access to roughly 10 times as many users and pressures gross margin, so later bookings and margin show whether it pays.\n- **February 2027 (day not set):** Fourth-quarter 2026 results and the 2027 outlook. The report tests the $382 million bookings guide and DAU growth near 29%, and shows whether 2027 bookings growth exceeds this year's 12%.\n\n## What Would Change Our Mind\n\nA daily close below $128, the 2026-11-03 close before the third-quarter report, which would erase the whole post-report gain. Fourth-quarter DAU growth under 25% or bookings under the $382 million guide would also show the case failing.\n\nThe risks this note tracks, each with what would confirm it:\n\n- User growth keeps outrunning payers, leaving bookings growth near 12% while DAUs grow far faster. Confirmed by: The 2027 outlook in February 2027 implying bookings growth at or below 12%, or paid-subscriber growth still slowing after the first half of 2027.\n- User growth slows once the current product and partnership boosts fade. Confirmed by: Fourth-quarter DAU growth below 25%, the threshold for the company-wide bonus described in the third-quarter letter.\n- Wider AI feature rollout and bonus costs compress margins further. Confirmed by: A fourth-quarter gross margin below the 72.0% guide or adjusted EBITDA below the $84 million guide.\n- Dropping the Max tier lowers revenue per paying user faster than Video Call lifts Super conversion. Confirmed by: Fourth-quarter bookings growth below the 13% guide while paid subscribers grow, showing lower revenue per subscriber.\n- A capable AI tutor from a large platform draws learners away from Duolingo. Confirmed by: A major launch followed by slower DAU growth in Duolingo's largest countries, which management tracks and reports on its calls.\n- The securities class action brings legal cost or an adverse ruling. Confirmed by: The Western District of Pennsylvania denying a motion to dismiss, or a settlement disclosed in a Duolingo filing.\n\n## Correlation Notes\n\nDuolingo's largest moves come from its own earnings reports, as the 2026-11-04 jump showed. That jump came on a strong market day: Benzinga reported the Dow up 2.9% after the midterm elections. The size of the move was company-specific, and it would look less so if the shares gave it back while the broad market held its gains.\n\nThe outside factor most likely to move the shares is AI. Duolingo trades as a second-order AI name: AI lowers its content and inference costs and powers Video Call, while AI tutors from large platforms are the main competitive worry. Barclays analyst Ross Sandler raised a Meta launch on the 2026-11-03 call; von Ahn replied that Duolingo is likely better than a classroom and not yet as good as a one-on-one human tutor.",
  "first_seen": "2026-11-10",
  "last_analyzed": "2026-11-12T16:15:27+00:00",
  "last_synthesized": "2026-11-12",
  "date_modified": "2026-11-12",
  "license": "Content © FrontierPicks. Cite the canonical URL."
}